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 | Vol.48 No.1 2004
Content
- Bolesław Jabłoński, Zbigniew Kołtowski
- Nectar secretion and honeypotential of honey-plants growing under Poland's conditions - Part XIV 5
- Algirdas Skirkevičius, Laima Blaţytë-Čeređkienë
- The workers'(Apis mellifera carnica Pollm.) response with proboscis extensionto the odour of queen extract 11
- Renata Rogala, Bożena Szymaś
- Nutritional value for bees of pollen substituteenriched with synthetic amino acids - Part I. Chemical methods 19
- Renata Rogala, Bożena Szymaś
- Nutritional value for bees of pollen substitute enriched with synthetic amino acids - Part II. Biological methods 29
- Adam Roman
- Pollen hoarding in the late summer season by honeybee(Apis mellifera L.) colonies 37
- Zdzisław Wilkaniec, Karol Giejdasz, Monika Fliszkiewicz
- The influenceof food amount consumed during the larval development on the bodyweight of the imago of the red mason bee (Osmia rufa L., Megachilidae) 47
- Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska, Mirosława Chwil, Agata Konarska
-Anatomical traits of nectaries and nectar secretion by the flowersof Cotoneaster lucidus Schlecht. and C. nanshan Mottet. 55
Abstrakts and full text PDF NECTAR SECRETION AND HONEY POTENTIAL
OF HONEY-PLANTS GROWING UNDER POLAND'S CONDITIONS - Part XIV
Bolesław Jabłoński, Zbigniew Kołtowski
Institute of Pomology and Floriculture, ul. Kazimierska 2, 24-100 Puławy
Received 20 November 2003; accepted 27 December 2003
Summary
The beekeeping value of 11 tree and bush species growing on a podzolic soil at the Apiculture Division, Institute of Pomology and Floriculture in Puławy was studied in the years 1999-2003. Those plants were found to yield nectar and pollen to bee-related insects and to be eagerly visited from the morning until the evening especially by the honeybee. The amount of sugars supplied by 10 flowers of Sorbus aucuparia averaged 1.3 mg with the honey output from the stand of 1 ha of those trees being estimated at 14 kg. The respective values for other species were 2.0 mg (and 68 kg) for Amorpha fruticosa, 4.2 mg (and 27 kg) for Crataegus pediculata, 4.3 mg (and 36 kg) for Acer campestre, 4.6 mg (and 13 kg) for Eleagnus angustifolia, 5.2 mg (and 65 kg) for Physocarpus opulifolius, 5.3 mg (and 22 kg) for Prunus divaricata, 6.0 mg (and 42 kg) for Ailanthus altissima, 8.6 mg (and 6 kg) for Catalpa ovata, 15.8 mg (and 7 kg) for Persica vulgaris, 16.3 mg (and 11 kg) for Armeniaca vulgaris. All the mentioned species including those with lower nectar efficiency are a valuable component of our melliferous flora.
Keywords: honey plants, blooming, nectar secretion, bee foraging.
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THE WORKERS' (Apis mellifera carnica Pollm.)
RESPONSE WITH PROBOSCIS EXTENSION
TO THE ODOUR OF QUEEN EXTRACT
Algirdas Skirkevičius, Laima Blažyte-Čereškiene1
Department of Zoology, Vilnius Pedagogical University,
Studentu 39, LT-2034, Vilnius, Lithuania, e-mail: algskirk@ktl.mii.lt
1Laboratory of Chemical Ecology and Behaviour, Institute of Ecology, Vilnius University,
Akademijos 2, LT-2600 Vilnius, Lithuania, e-mail: blazyte@ekoi.lt
Received 02 April 2004; accepted 26 June 2004
Summary
We investigated the proboscis extension response (PER) of worker bees Apis mellifera carnica Pollm. to the odour of the mated honeybee queen's extract (dose of 0.001 queen equivalent). The experiments were carried out monthly over a two-year period. Workers were of unknown age. In total, 1261 workers were studied. Of them, 15.3% workers showed PER before a food reward had been applied. of all responding workers, 50.3% responded to the first, 20.7% to the second, 16.1% to the third, 11.9% to the fourth and 1.0% to the fifth stimulation. of all workers, 38.3% responded only to one of five stimulation trials, whereas 15.5% to two, 15.0% to three, 11.4% to four, and 19.7% to five. Neither the average number of stimulations (1.9) required for the eliciting of PER nor the average number of responses (2.6) elicited by the repetition of odour stimulation in different months were affected by seasonal changes in the honeybee colony's activity.
Keywords: Apis mellifera carnica, olfactory stimulus, proboscis extension response (PER), conditioning, honeybee queen pheromone.
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NUTRITIONAL VALUE FOR BEES OF POLLEN SUBSTITUTE ENRICHED WITH SYNTHETIC
AMINO ACIDS
Part I. CHEMICAL METHODS
Renata Rogala, Bożena Szymaś
August Cieszkowski Agriculture University of Poznań, Department of Useful Insect Breeding,
Wojska Polskiego 71c, 60-625 Poznań, Poland, e-mail: beszymas@owl.au.poznan.pl
Received 05 May 2004; accepted 29 June 2004
Summary
Faithful reproduction of pollen, natural feed of all bees, is not easy because it contains a wealth of substances. Of these, protein is the basic component. It contains, along with endogenous amino acids, all exogenous amino acids essential for bees. The objective of the study was to raise the nutritional value of the protein contained in pollen substitute to be used in honeybee nutrition, through the optimization of its amino acid composition by supplementing it with the synthetic DL and L isomers of the lacking amino acids and thus upgrading it to the pollen protein standard. The surrogate was made up of the following components: potato protein 32%, soybean cake 18%, rapeseed cake 6%, yeast Candida utilis 6%, wheat flour 14,8%, maize grits 17.5%, soybean oil 3.3%, lecithin 0.5% polfamix W 1.4%, Vitazol AD3EC 0.2%, glucose with vitamin C 0.1%. The test was performed on the honeybee Apis mellifera carnica, in the years 1998 and 1999. Small nuclei were colonized with one day-old bees which were fed on varied protein diet over two weeks. The hives were kept in incubators at 31°C and at a relative humidity of 40%. The nutritional value of protein in the surrogate feeds was determined using chemical methods (Szymaś and Przybył 2000). Experiment feed protein and bee bodies were assessed. The chemical composition of pollen substitutes was close to that of pollen from pollen loads. The essential amino acids index in the feed EAAI reached a relatively high value (80.99 and 78.95 for substitutes A and B, respectively). In the chemical evaluation of the tested material it was found that supplementing pollen substitute with lacking amino acids to bring them up to the pollen level caused the nutritional value of the protein in the surrogate to equal that of pollen. When fed to bees, the substitute gave similar dry matter, protein and crude fat contents of bee bodies.
The study also confirmed that bees utilized the L isomer better than they did the DL isomer.
Keywords: honeybee nutrition, pollen substitute, surrogate nutritional value, amino acids, chemical methods.
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NUTRITIONAL VALUE FOR BEES OF POLLEN
SUBSTITUTE ENRICHED WITH SYNTHETIC
AMINO ACIDS
Part II. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
Renata Rogala, Bożena Szymaś
August Cieszkowski Agriculture University of Poznań, Department of Useful Insect Breeding,
Wojska Polskiego 71c, 60-625 Poznań, Poland, e-mail:beszymas@owl.au.poznan.pl
Received 05 May 2004; accepted 29 June 2004
Summary
The objective of this study was to assess the biological value for the honey bee of pollen substitute formulations the chemical makeup of which was supplemented with DL and L isomers of synthetic amino acids and thus upgraded to the standard of natural pollen from pollen loads. The following feed component made up the pollen substitute: potato protein 32%, soybean cake 18%, rapeseed cake 6%, yeast Candida utilis 6%, wheat flour 14,8%, maize grits 17.5%, soybean oil 3.3%, lecithin 0.5% polfamix W 1.4%, Vitazol AD3EC 0.2%, glucose with vitamin C 0.1%. Prior to be fed to bees, the pollen substitute and pollen loads were mixed with powder sugar to bring protein level in all feeds to 21%. Biological methods were used as the measure of the nutritional value of the feed to test the condition of bees. The condition of bees was expressed in terms of the size of pharyngeal glands, the size of the fat body and the number of haemocytes in haemolymph. The poorest developed pharyngeal glands and fat body were recorded in bees which were fed a non-supplemented pollen substitute. The highest number of haemocytes in haemolymph was recorded in bees which received pollen substitute supplemented with all lacking L amino acids, the number being slightly lower when the amino acids were fed as DL isomers. There were no significant differences between the two groups. Bringing the amino acid composition of pollen substitutes with essential amino acids up to their level in natural pollen favourably influenced the nutritional value of the protein in terms of fat body size but the effect was weaker in terms of the development of pharyngeal glands. As the nutritional value of the pollen substitute protein increased there was an increase in the number of haemocytes in honeybee haemolymph. L isomers of the amino acids tested were demonstrated to be better utilized than their DL counterparts.
Keywords: honeybee nutrition, pollen substitute, nutritional value, amino acids, biological methods
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POLLEN HOARDING IN THE LATE SUMMER SEASON BY HONEYBEE (Apis mellifera L.) COLONIES
Adam Roman
Agricultural University of Wrocław, Department of Animal Hygiene and Ichthyology,
Institute of Animal Hygiene and Environment,
Chełmońskiego 38 C, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; e-mail: adamr@ozi.ar.wroc.pl
Received 12 May 2004; accepted 29 June 2004
Summary
The aim of the study was to determine the amount of pollen that bee colonies are capable of storing in the second half of the foraging season in a region that is poor in autumn and late autumn pollen resources. Another objective was to find out if there is a relationship between the size of pollen loads brought to the hive by the foragers and the amount of pollen hoarded by a bee colony. The study was conducted in the second half of July and in September, in two consecutive years (2002 and 2003) in a non-moving apiary. The amount of hoarded pollen was inferred from the number of pollen loads collected by means of pollen traps. The study showed that bee colonies operating in such an area may have a difficult time securing sufficient amounts of pollen to meet their current needs. Average amounts of pollen collected from individual colonies at that time were from 4.29 to 15.64 g/day and from 4.95 to 28.47 g/day in the first and in the second study year, respectively. Those amounts were very small compared to the actual needs of the colonies. No close relationship was found between the amount of pollen collected and the size of pollen loads, although in both survey years the largest pollen loads were brought in by the workers of colony 6 which had the lowest pollen output. The study showed that in the second half of the foraging season bee colonies may have problems securing enough pollen to meet their current needs - to sustain the development of the colony and to prepare the worker bees to the winter.
Keywords: bee colony, pollen loads, pollen yield, pollen traps
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THE INFLUENCE OF FOOD AMOUNT CONSUMED DURING THE LARVAL DEVELOPMENT ON THE BODY WEIGHT OF THE IMAGO OF THE RED MASON BEE (Osmia rufa L., Megachilidae)
Zdzisław Wilkaniec, Karol Giejdasz,
Monika Fliszkiewicz
Department of Useful Insect Breeding, Faculty of Animal Science,
A. Cieszkowski Agricultural University of Poznań, 60-625 Poznań, Poland
Received 19 May 2004; accepted 21 June 2004
Summary
Influence of the amount of food consumed in the larval stage on the weight and size of the imago of Osmia rufa was investigated under laboratory conditions. Adult bees of Osmia rufa the larvae of which consumed a double portion of pollen, averaged over two cells, weighed (males 74.0 mg, females 114.0 mg) more than the bees (males 49.0 mg, females 89 mg) which, during their larval stage, consumed only single portions of pollen provisioned for them by the female in the cells. The correlation was determined between the weight of an adult bee and the weight of cocoon. The average cocoon weight of males fed with a single portion of pollen was 9.80 mg whereas that of males fed with a double portion was 17.87 mg. The corresponding values for females were 16.42 and 22.56 mg. A greater width of the third abdominal tergite and of the fore wing of the insects fed with the increased pollen portion indicates that increased amount of food positively affects the body dimensions of O. rufa imago.
These findings suggest that to obtain well-developed bees in the management of O. rufa a rich nutrition base is required.
Keywords: Osmia rufa, body weight, nutrition, cocoon.
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ANATOMICAL TRAITS OF NECTARIES
AND NECTAR SECRETION BY THE FLOWERS
of Cotoneaster lucidus Schlecht. and C. nanshan Mottet.
Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska,
Mirosława Chwil, Agata Konarska
Department of Botany, Agricultural University, Lublin ul. Akademicka 13
Received 01 June 2004; accepted 02 July 2004
Summary
In the years 2002 and 2003 a study was conducted on the structure of nectaries and on nectar secretion in two Cotoneaster species: Hedge Cotoneaster Cotoneaster lucidus Schlecht. and Creeping Cotoneaster Cotoneaster nanshan Mottet. Flower diameter at the upper surface of the nectary, radial length of nectary glands, thickness of the nectar-secreting layer and stomatal number were determined by means of light microscopy. The surface of nectaries was ubserved using scanning electron microscopy. Nectar weight per 10 flowers and sugar percentage of nectar were determined. The studied species differed for their nectary measurements but were similar with regard to epidermal structure. Stomatal number was an exception as it was higher by nearly 30% when compared to that in Creeping Cotoneaster. A higher stomatal number in Hedge Cotoneaster was accompanied by a higher weigh of nectar secreted but of lower sugar concentration of nectar than in Creeping Cotoneaster. The weight of sugars secreted by 10 flowers in Hedge Cotoneaster was lower by more than 40% than that in Creeping Cotoneaster.
Keywords: Pomoideae, Cotoneaster, nectary, structure, nectar secretion.
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